The role of religion in the history of education and science
Islam
Islamic rulers have built libraries and educational institutions, such as the Baghdad House of Wisdom and the Al-Azhar University of Cairo, to promote advanced scholarships. Under Islamic rule, Southern Spain was a center of higher learning, producing people like the famous Muslim philosopher Averroes.
But some scholars argue that this academic achievement, as well as the predominance of Muslims in inquiring about knowledge in non-religious areas, gradually reduced the complex mix of social and political events over the course of a few centuries.
Christianity
According to some scholars, the 16th-century Protestant Reformation was a force for good in Europe. Protestant reformers promoted literacy because of their opposition to the need for everyone to read the Bible, which they considered to be an important authority on doctrinal matters. Driven by this belief, religious leaders encouraged the construction of schools and the translation of the Bible into local languages - and the Reformation leader Martin Luther set an example by translating the Bible into German.
Buddhism
Buddhist scholars note that Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of religion, is often referred to as the “teacher” because of his emphasis on the “miracle of teaching.” He considered reading to be essential in order to attain the Buddhist goal of enlightenment.44
“In many ways, Buddhism is particularly devoted to education because, unlike most other religions, it is argued that to attain enlightenment ('salvation') without divine intervention," writes Stephen T. Asma, a school professor of philosophy. Columbia College Chicago.
Hinduism
For Hindus, education overcomes the root cause of human suffering, which is ignorance, says Anantanand Rambachan, a professor of religion at St. Petersburg. Olaf College. As a result, education has been highly valued in Hinduism since its inception in ancient times. Hindu texts encourage followers to seek information through conversation and questioning, and to respect their teachers. Says Rambachan: “Reading is a fundamental part of the Hindu system of what constitutes a healthy and purposeful life. Since ignorance is considered a source of human suffering, he adds, “the solution to the problem of ignorance is knowledge or learning.”
Judaism
High levels of access to Jewish education may be based on ancient religious practices, according to a recent study. Torah encourages parents to teach their children. However, this doctor's prescription was not compulsory until the first century.
Sometime around 65 C.E., the Jewish high priest Joshua ben Gamla issued a religious edict that every Jewish father should send his young sons to elementary school to learn to read the Torah. A few years later, in the year 70, the Roman army destroyed the Second Temple after the Jewish revolt.
Current religious traditions and teachings, including theology
Experts have also explored how religious practices and teachings can influence the achievement of education by determining what subjects are taught in schools, how much emphasis is placed on religious knowledge compared with secular education, and whether there is gender equality in educational attainment.
There has been a great deal of research into ways in which religious teachings about the role of sex may be linked to the achievement of women's education. Some scholars have noted that from the Reformation onward, Protestant groups actively promoted the teaching of women, the effects of which still exist. "Martin Luther urged every city to have a girls 'school so that girls could learn to read the Gospel, which led to an increase in the construction of girls' schools in Protestant areas," writes economics professor Sascha
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